[exprtk] Add version 0.0.3 2024-01-01

[ArashPartow]

• Changes comply with the maintainer guide.
• SHA512s are updated for each updated download.
• The "supports" clause reflects platforms that may be fixed by this new version.
• The version database is fixed by rerunning ./vcpkg x-add-version --all and committing the result.

Note: This PR needs to be merged after the PR #42996 has been merged.

Closes the following PRs: #42173, #40270, #33571, #30058, #29955, #29801, #29775, #29665, #38756

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@PhoebeHui / @jimwang118 / @JonLiu1993 / @LilyWangLL

[dg0yt]

Not resolved: Use lower-case SHA512 and git ref SHA, #42996 (comment).

[dg0yt]

Not resolved: Use copyright from upstream repo.

[ArashPartow]

@dg0yt It seems you're having troubles so early on in the new year. Hope things work out for you.