refactor(cli): improve CLI error handling. Fixes #1935 (#13656) #3

Job	Run time
argo-images (argoexec)	3m 38s
Get changed files	5s
argo-images (argocli)	26s
Windows Unit Tests	9m 51s
Codegen	5m 2s
Unit Tests	4m 53s
Lint	4m 10s
UI	0s
E2E Tests (test-executor, minimal, false)	15m 10s
E2E Tests (test-corefunctional, minimal, false)	15m 52s
E2E Tests (test-functional, minimal, false)	22m 55s
E2E Tests (test-api, mysql, true)	12m 45s
E2E Tests (test-cli, mysql, true)	13m 2s
E2E Tests (test-cron, minimal, false)	23m 49s
E2E Tests (test-examples, minimal, false)	7m 31s
E2E Tests (test-plugins, plugins, false)	5m 50s
E2E Tests (test-java-sdk, minimal, true)	7m 20s
E2E Tests (test-python-sdk, minimal, true)	4m 17s
E2E Tests (test-executor, v1.28.13+k3s1, minimal, false)	17m 16s
E2E Tests (test-corefunctional, v1.28.13+k3s1, minimal, false)	16m 47s
E2E Tests (test-functional, v1.28.13+k3s1, minimal, false)	25m 2s
E2E Tests - Composite result	1s
	3h 35m 42s

Provide feedback